Appendices

Here is a list of references and resources referred to in the Partners in Parenting Plus - Education program. Where available, we have provided direct links. Click the module titles below to see the resources for each module.

Mental health and adolescence

  1. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of general psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602.

What factors can contribute to depression and anxiety in teenagers?

  1. Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological bulletin, 143(8), 783-822.
  2. Somers, J. M., Goldner, E. M., Waraich, P., & Hsu, L. (2006). Prevalence and incidence studies of anxiety disorders: a systematic review of the literature. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2), 100-113.
  3. Lawrence, P. J., Murayama, K., & Creswell, C. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis: anxiety and depressive disorders in offspring of parents with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(1), 46-60.
  4. Goodman, S. H., Rouse, M. H., Connell, A. M., Broth, M. R., Hall, C. M., & Heyward, D. (2011). Maternal depression and child psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical child and family psychology review, 14(1), 1-27.
  5. Hudson, C. C., Hall, L., & Harkness, K. L. (2019). Prevalence of depressive disorders in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 47(1), 165-175.
  6. Wang, S., Stewart, T. M., Ozen, I., Mukherjee, A., & Rhodes, S. M. (2025). Rates of Depression in Children and Adolescents With ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 29(11), 924-952.
  7. Sahle, B. W., Reavley, N. J., Li, W., Morgan, A. J., Yap, M. B. H., Reupert, A., & Jorm, A. F. (2021). The association between adverse childhood experiences and common mental disorders and suicidality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 1-11.
  8. Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS medicine, 9(11), e1001349.
  9. LeMoult, J., Humphreys, K. L., Tracy, A., Hoffmeister, J. A., Ip, E., & Gotlib, I. H. (2020). Meta-analysis: exposure to early life stress and risk for depression in childhood and adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(7), 842-855.
  10. Pinquart, M., & Shen, Y. (2011). Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with chronic physical illness: an updated meta-analysis. Journal of pediatric psychology, 36(4), 375-384
  11. Pinquart, M., & Shen, Y. (2011). Anxiety in children and adolescents with chronic physical illnesses: A meta‐analysis. Acta Paediatrica, 100(8), 1069-1076.
  12. Yap, M. B. H., Pilkington, P. D., Ryan, S. M., & Jorm, A. F. (2014). Parental factors associated with depression and anxiety in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 156, 8-23.
  13. Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental psychology, 53(5), 873-932.

Self-help strategies for depression

  1. Morgan, A. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2009). Self-help strategies that are helpful for sub-threshold depression: a Delphi consensus study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 115(1-2), 196-200.

Self-help strategies for anxiety

  1. Morgan, A. J., Chittleborough, P., & Jorm, A. F. (2016). Self-help strategies for sub-threshold anxiety: A Delphi consensus study to find messages suitable for population-wide promotion. Journal of Affective Disorders, 206, 68-76.

What if my teenager doesn't want to seek help?

  1. Yap MB Reavley N, Jorm AF (2013). Where would young people seek help for mental disorders and what stops them? Findings from an Australian national survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1-3):255-61.
  2. Aguirre Velasco, A., Cruz, I. S. S., Billings, J., Jimenez, M., & Rowe, S. (2020). What are the barriers, facilitators and interventions targeting help-seeking behaviours for common mental health problems in adolescents? A systematic review. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-22.

Encourage a nutritious diet

For information on the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, click here.

You can also download a copy of the guide here.

For information about recommended serving sizes for teenagers, click here.

  1. Diet and nutrition health advice: Mental health including anxiety and depression. (2022, March 9). Dietitians Australia.
  2. Cohen, J. F., Gorski, M. T., Gruber, S. A., Kurdziel, L. B. F., & Rimm, E. B. (2016). The effect of healthy dietary consumption on executive cognitive functioning in children and adolescents: a systematic review. British Journal of Nutrition, 116(6), 989-1000.
  3. Khanna, P., Chattu, V. K., & Aeri, B. T. (2019). Nutritional aspects of depression in adolescents-a systematic review. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10, 42.
  4. O'neil, A., Quirk, S. E., Housden, S., Brennan, S. L., Williams, L. J., Pasco, J. A., ... & Jacka, F. N. (2014). Relationship between diet and mental health in children and adolescents: a systematic review. American journal of public health, 104(10), e31-e42.
  5. Prado, E. L., & Dewey, K. G. (2014). Nutrition and brain development in early life. Nutrition reviews, 72(4), 267-284.
  6. National Health and Medical Research Council (2013) Australian Dietary Guidelines.Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council.
  7. Healthy eating for infants, children and teenagers. (2019, June 4). National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra.
  8. Nutrition and healthy food for teenagers. (2021, January 22). Raising Children Network.
  9. Lane, M. M., Gamage, E., Travica, N., Dissanayaka, T., Ashtree, D. N., Gauci, S., ... & Marx, W. (2022). Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients, 14(13), 2568.
  10. Diet and nutrition health advice: Intermittent fasting (2022, May 10). Dietitians Australia.
  11. Stice, E., Gau, J. M., Rohde, P., & Shaw, H. (2017). Risk factors that predict future onset of each DSM–5 eating disorder: Predictive specificity in high-risk adolescent females. Journal of abnormal psychology, 126(1), 38.
  12. Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Guo, J., Story, M., Haines, J., & Eisenberg, M. (2006). Obesity, disordered eating, and eating disorders in a longitudinal study of adolescents: how do dieters fare 5 years later?. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(4), 559-568.

How can I support my teen to eat well?

  1. Dickens, E., & Ogden, J. (2014). The role of parental control and modelling in predicting a child's diet and relationship with food after they leave home. A prospective study. Appetite, 76, 23-29.
  2. Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Guo, J., Story, M., Haines, J., & Eisenberg, M. (2006). Obesity, disordered eating, and eating disorders in a longitudinal study of adolescents: how do dieters fare 5 years later?. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(4), 559-568.
  3. Loth, K. A., MacLehose, R. F., Fulkerson, J. A., Crow, S., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2014). Are food restriction and pressure‐to‐eat parenting practices associated with adolescent disordered eating behaviors?. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(3), 310-314.
  4. Godfrey, K., Rhodes, P., & Hunt, C. (2013). The relationship between family mealtime interactions and eating disorder in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 34(1), 54-74.
  5. Neumark-Sztainer, D., Hannan, P. J., Story, M., Croll, J., & Perry, C. (2003). Family meal patterns: associations with sociodemographic characteristics and improved dietary intake among adolescents. Journal of the american dietetic association, 103(3), 317-322.

Encourage physical activity

Click here to see the physical activity guidelines for children and young people.

  1. Kremer, P., Elshaug, C., Leslie, E., Toumbourou, J. W., Patton, G. C., & Williams, J. (2014). Physical activity, leisure-time screen use and depression among children and young adolescents Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(2), 183-187.

Encourage healthy screen use

Click here for more information and tips for managing screen time.

Encourage good sleep habits

  1. Lopresti, A. L., Hood, S. D., & Drummond, P. D. (2013). A review of lifestyle factors that contribute to important pathways associated with major depression: Diet, sleep and exercise. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148(1), 12-27.
  2. Baglioni, C., Battagliese, G., Feige, B., Spiegelhalder, K., Nissen, C., Voderholzer, U., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2011). Insomnia as a predictor of depression: a meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 135(1-3), 10-19.
  3. Hertenstein, E., Feige, B., Gmeiner, T., Kienzler, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Johann, A., ... & Baglioni, C. (2019). Insomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews, 43, 96-105.
  4. Short, M. A., Booth, S. A., Omar, O., Ostlundh, L., & Arora, T. (2020). The relationship between sleep duration and mood in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews, 52, 101311.
  5. Bruck, D. (2006). Teenage Sleep: Understanding and helping the sleep of 12-20 year olds. Wellness Promotion Unit, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
  6. Reddy, R., Palmer, C. A., Jackson, C., Farris, S. G., & Alfano, C. A. (2017). Impact of sleep restriction versus idealized sleep on emotional experience, reactivity and regulation in healthy adolescents. Journal of sleep research, 26(4), 516-525.
  7. Teenagers and Sleep. (2015, April 11). Department of Health, State Government of Victoria, Australia.

Discourage any alcohol and other drug use

Parenting strategies: Preventing adolescent alcohol misuse

You can find out more about parenting strategies to prevent alcohol misuse in teenagers here.

  1. McKenzie, M., Jorm, A. F., Romaniuk, H., Olsson, C. A., Jorm, A. F., Romaniuk, H., & Patton, G. C. (2011). Association of adolescent symptoms of depression and anxiety with alcohol use disorders in young adulthood: Findings from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study. Medical Journal of Australia, 195, S27-30.
  2. McKenzie, M., Olsson, C. A., Jorm, A. F., Romaniuk, H., & Patton, G. C. (2010). Association of adolescent symptoms of depression and anxiety with daily smoking and nicotine dependence in young adulthood: Findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Addiction, 105 (9), 1652-1569.
  3. Gorfinkel, L., Hasin, D., Miech, R., Keyes, K. M. (2022). The Link Between Depressive Symptoms and Vaping Nicotine in U.S. Adolescents. 2017–2019. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70 (1), 133-139.
  4. Baker, K. D., Lubman, D. I., Cosgrave, E. M., Killackey, E. J., Yuen, H. P., Hides, L., Baksheev, G.N., Buckby, J.A., & Yung, A. R. (2007). Impact of co-occurring substance use on 6 month outcomes for young people seeking mental health treatment. Australia New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41 (11), 896-902.
  5. Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., & Tapert, S. F. (2009). The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 40(1), 31-38.
  6. Lees, B., Mewton, L., Stapinski, L. A., Squeglia, L. M., Rae, C. D., & Teesson, M. (2019). Neurobiological and cognitive profile of young binge drinkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology review, 29(3), 357-385.
Stress management resource:

McNeely, C. & Blanchard, J. (2009). The Teen Years Explained: A Guide to Healthy Adolescent Development. Baltimore: Center for Adolescent Health. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Bullying. No Way!

This Australian resource provides information and helpful ideas about bullying for parents and teenagers.

Cyber-bullying information
Adapted from: Australian Government eSafety Commissioner. See information for parents here.

For more information on cyber-safety, check out:
LGBTQIA+ information
Adapted from: Beyond Blue Booklet: Families like mine.

Other resources to support LGBTQIA+ young people:

Helping your teenager navigate problems with social rejection and bullying
Reference:
  1. Cross, D., Shaw, T., Hearn, L., Epstein, M., Monks, H., Lester, L., & Thomas, L. (2009). Australian Covert Bullying Prevalence Study (ACBPS). Edith Cowan University, Perth: Child Health Promotion Research Centre.

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